Electric Bikes

Federal Definition of Low-Speed Electric Bikes

Under US federal law, a low-speed electric bicycle is defined as:

  • Fully operable pedals
  • Motor under 750 watts (1 horsepower)
  • Maximum assisted speed of 20 mph

Note: Federal classification applies for consumer products, but road legality is determined at the state level. Riders should always check their state and local laws before riding.

The 3-Class E-Bike System

Most US states have adopted a 3-class system to categorize electric bikes. This system determines how an e-bike can be used on roads, bike lanes, and trails, and what safety rules apply.

Class 1 – Pedal Assist Only (Low Speed)

  • The motor assists only when the rider pedals.
  • Maximum assisted speed: 20 mph.
  • No throttle is allowed.
  • Often treated like a conventional bicycle — no licence or insurance required in most states.

Class 2 – Throttle Assisted

  • Motor can assist without pedaling, like a small scooter.
  • Maximum speed: 20 mph.
  • May be restricted from bike paths or trails in some areas.
  • Generally considered “bicycle-like” but some local rules may require helmets or age limits.

Class 3 – Pedal Assist Only (High Speed)

  • Pedal-assisted only — no throttle.
  • Maximum assisted speed: 28 mph.
  • Considered higher-risk due to speed; often treated more like a moped.
  • Common restrictions include:
    - Helmet requirements
    - Minimum age limits

Local laws may vary; check state or municipal regulations.

Rider Responsibilities

  • Modifications may change the bike’s legal classification
  • State and local laws may impose additional restrictions
  • Riders are responsible for compliance before using public roads

Electric Scooters

Overview of E-Scooter Regulations

  • E-scooter rules vary widely across states and cities
  • Federal law does not govern road use; legality is state and municipal-specific

Common Rules for Electric Scooters

  • Speed limits: often 15–20 mph
  • Sidewalk restrictions: frequently prohibited
  • Helmet requirements: commonly for minors
  • Minimum rider age: varies by state/city

Local Variation and Rider Responsibility

  • Local municipal laws may override state guidance
  • Riders must check both state and local regulations before riding
  • Non-compliance may result in fines or other penalties

USA Regulations

Feature Class 1 E-Bike Class 2 E-Bike Class 3 E-Bike Electric Scooters
Legal Classification Pedal-assist only Throttle-assisted Pedal-assist only Varies by state & city
Maximum Speed 20 mph 20 mph 28 mph Typically 15–20 mph
Motor Power Limit 750 W 750 W 750 W Varies
Licence Required No No Sometimes (state dependent) Generally no, varies locally
Insurance Required No No Sometimes Varies locally
Helmet Required Recommended Recommended Often required Often required for minors
Road Use Yes, allowed on most roads & bike lanes Yes Limited depending on state/local laws Varies by state/city; check local regulations
Pavement Use No No No Generally not allowed
Notes / Local Variation State and local laws may modify requirements State and local laws may modify requirements State and local laws may modify requirements Regulations vary widely across states and municipalities

 

The information provided on this page is for general guidance only and does not constitute legal advice. Laws and regulations relating to electric bikes and electric scooters may change and may vary by region, state, or municipality. Customers are solely responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable local laws before operating any electric vehicle on public roads or land. 

We recommend consulting official government sources or legal professionals where necessary.